BIOMIMETICS AND ARCHITECTURE

BIOMIMETICS AND ARCHITECTURE Since the designs in nature are quite flawless, their inspirations are now frequently employed in architectural designs. All the features necessary in a structure, such as energy savings, beauty, functionality and durability have already been created in the natural world. No matter how many superior systems human beings may run across, their imitations can never be as good or practical as the originals. In order to copy nature’s designs and implement them in architectural design, a high level of engineering know-how is essential. Yet the living things in the natural world know nothing about load bearing or architectural principles. Nor do they have any opportunity of understanding them. All living things behave in the manner God inspires in them. In one verse, He reveals that all living things are under His control: … There is no creature He does not hold by the forelock... (Qur’an, 11: 56) Buckminster Fuller, an architect famous for using forms in nature in the structures he designed, said that the designs in nature make marvelous models. According to Fuller, what makes nature’s dynamic, functional and light weight technology essential is “optimum efficiency.” (“Invisible Architecture,” Bonnie Goldstein DeVarco, http://members.cruzio.com/~devarco/nature. htm) The picture shows Fuller with a design inspired by the microscopic creatures known as radiolarians. Architect Eugene Tsui is known for using the designs in nature in his structures. Tsui does not employ the right angles and straight lines we are accustomed to, but instead prefers the soft lines found in nature. Structures planned along these lines, he says, are better able to withstand the destructive effects of earthquakes, wind and water. (National Georaphic Channel (Turkey), Animal Inventors, 25/11/2001) Oyster Shells—a Model for Light, Sturdy Roofs The shells of mussels and oysters resemble wavy hair because of their irregularly shapes. This shape allows the shells, despite being very lightweight, to withstand enormous pressure. Architects have employed their structure as a model for designing various roofs and ceilings. For example, the roof of Canada’s Royan Market was designed with the oyster shell in mind. 97 An oyster shell and the Royan Market The oyster shell’s curved shape makes it especially resistant. Corrugated cardboard duplicates the curved lines found in oyster shells, making it stronger than ordinary, flat cardboard. The Munich Olympic Stadium The Munich Olympic Stadium and Dragonfly Wings Dragonfly wings are one three-thousandth of a millimeter thick. Despite being so thin, however, they are very strong since they consist of up to 1,000 sections. Thanks to this compartmental structure the wings do not tear, and are able to withstand the pressure that forms during flight. The roof of the Munich Olympic Stadium was designed along the same principle. From the Water Lily to the Crystal Palace Built for the first World’s Fair in London in 1851, the Crystal Palace was a technological marvel of glass and iron. Some 35 meters (108 feet)high and covering an area of approximately 7,500 square meters (18 acres), it featured more than 200,000 panes of glass, each 30 by 120 centimeters (12-by-49 inches) in size. The structure of the water lily was used when building the Pan Am Terminal at New York’s John F. Kennedy Airport. The diagram to the left shows how a roof designed along the lines of a water lily leaf distributes the load. The Crystal Palace was designed by landscape designer Joseph Paxton, who drew inspiration from Victoria amazonica, a species of water lily. Despite its very fragile appearance, this lily possesses huge leaves that are strong enough for people to stand on. When Paxton examined these leaves’ undersides, he found they were supported by fibrous extensions like ribs. Each leaf has radial ribs stiffened by slender crossribs. Paxton thought these ribs could be duplicated as weight-bearing iron struts, and the leaves themselves as the glass panes. In this way, he succeeded in constructing a roof made of glass and iron, which was very light yet still very strong. 98 The water lily begins growing in the mud at the bottom of Amazonian lakes, but in order to survive, it needs to reach the surface. When it comes to the surface of the water it stops growing, then starts forming thorn-tipped buds. In as little as a few hours, these buds open into enormous leaves up to two meters across. The more area they cover on the surface of the river, the more sunlight they can obtain with which to carry out photosynthesis. Another thing the root of the water lily requires is oxygen, of which there is little in the muddy bottom where the plant is rooted. However, tubes running down the long stems of the leaves, which can reach as much as 11 meters (35 feet)in height, serve as channels that carry oxygen from the leaves down to the roots. 99 As the seed starts to grow in the depths of the lake, how does it know that it will soon need light and oxygen, without which it can’t survive, and that everything it requires is at the surface of the water? A plant that has only just begun to germinate is unaware that the water around has a surface up above, and knows nothing of the Sun or oxygen. Left: Cross section of the water lily. Below: The water lily's leaf and flower on the water’s surface. According to evolutionist logic, therefore, new water lilies should have drowned under several feet of water and become extinct long ago. Yet the fact is that these water lilies are still around today, in all their perfection. Amazon lilies, after reaching the light and oxygen they need, curl their leaves upwards at the edges so that they do not fill with water and sink. These precautions may help them survive, but if the species is to continue, they need some insects to carry their pollen to other lilies. In the Amazon, beetles have a special attraction to the color white and therefore, select this lily’s flowers to land on. With the arrival of this six-legged guests, who will allow the Amazon lilies to survive down the generations, the petals close up, preventing the insects from escaping, while offering them large quantities of pollen. After holding them imprisoned for the whole night and throughout the next day, the flower then releases them, also changing color so that the beetles do not bring its own pollen back to it. The lily, formerly a shining white, now adorns the river in a dark pink. No doubt that all these flawless, perfectly calculated, and consecutive steps are not the work of the lily itself, which has no foreknowledge or planning abilities, but flow from the infinite wisdom of God, its Creator. All the details summarized briefly here demonstrate that, like all things in the universe, God created them with all the necessary systems to ensure their survival. The Eiffel Tower was built with a structure similar to that of the thigh bone head. Thanks to this design, the tower acquired an unshakable structure that also solved the ventilation problem. A Structure that Makes Bones More Resistant Even today, the Eiffel Tower is accepted as a marvel of engineering, but the event that led to its design took place back to 40 years before its construction. This was a study in Zurich aimed at revealing "the anatomical structure of the thigh bone." In the early 1850s, the anatomist Hermann von Meyer was studying the part of the thigh bone that inserts into the hip joint. The thigh bone head extends sideways into the hip socket, and bears the body's weight off-center. Von Meyer saw that the inside of the thigh bone, which is capable of withstanding a weight of one ton when in a vertical position, consists not of one single piece, but contains an orderly latticework of tiny ridges of bone known as trabeculae. In 1866, when the Swiss engineer Karl Cullman visited von Meyer’s laboratory, the anatomist von Meyer showed him a piece of bone he had been studying. Cullman realized that the bone’s structure was designed to reduce the effects of weight load and pressure. The trabeculae were effectively a series of studs and braces arranged along the lines of force generated when standing. As a mathematician and engineer, Cullman translated these findings into applicable theory and the model lead to the design of the Eiffel Tower. As in the thigh bone, the Eiffel Tower’s metal curves formed a lattice built from metal studs and braces. Thanks to this structure, the tower was easily able to stand up to the bending and shearing effects caused by the wind. 100 The latticework, copied from bones, has become one of the basic elements employed in construction techniques today. It requires fewer materials, and makes for a building framework that’s both strong and flexible. Many architects and construction engineers duplicate the internal structure of bone, which increases its load-bearing capabilities and provides enormous strength. Roofs can be built to cover large areas thanks to the use of ribbed structures similar to those in bone. The Radiolaria Design Used as a Model in Dome Design Radiolaria and diatoms, organisms that live in the sea, are virtual catalogs of ideal solutions to architectural problems. In fact, these tiny creatures have inspired a great many large-scale architectural projects. The U.S. Pavilion at EXPO ’76 in Montreal is just one example. The pavilion’s dome was inspired by the radiolarians. 101 The Earthquake-Proof Design in Honeycombs The construction of honeycombs offers a great many important advantages, including stability.  As the bees in the hive give directions to one another in the so-called “waggle dance,” they set up vibrations that, in a structure of such small dimensions, can be equated to an earthquake. The walls of the comb absorb these potentially damaging vibrations. Nature magazine stated that architects could use this superior structure in designing earthquake-proof buildings. Included in the report was the following statement by Jurgen Tautz of the University of Wurzburg, in Germany: Vibrations in honeybee nests are like miniature earthquakes generated by the bees, so it’s very interesting to see how the structure responds to it... Understanding the phase reversal could help architects predict which parts of a building will be especially vulnerable to earthquakes... They could then strengthen these areas, or even introduce weak spots into non-critical areas of buildings to absorb harmful vibrations. 102 As this all shows, the combs that bees construct with such flawless precision expertise are marvels of design. This structure within the comb thus paves the way for architects and scientists, giving them new ideas. It isn’t chance that allows bees to construct their combs so perfectly, as evolutionists claim, but God, the Lord of infinite might and knowledge, Who gives them that ability. Architectural Designs Drawn from Spider Webs Some spiders spin webs that resemble a tarpaulin covering thrown over a bush. The web is borne by stretched threads attached to the edges of the bush. This load-bearing system lets the spider spread its web wide, while still making no concessions as to its strength. This marvelous technique has been imitated by man in many structures to cover wide areas. Some of these include the Jeddah Airport’s Pilgrim Terminal, the Munich Olympic Stadium, the Sydney National Athletic Stadium, zoos in Munich and Canada, Denver Airport in Colorado, and the Schlumberger Cambridge Research Centre building in England. To learn these web-building techniques all by itself, any spider species would have to undergo a long period of engineering training. That, of course, is out of the question. Spiders, knowing nothing about load-bearing or architectural design, merely behave in the manner God inspires in them. Spider Web Munich Zoo Denver's Airport Spider Webs The Munich Olympic Stadium Jeddah Airport

97 “Biyonik, Dogayı Kopya Etmektir” (Bionics Copies Nature), Science et Vie, trans.: Dr.Hanaslı Gur, Bilim ve Teknik (Science and Technology), TUBITAK Publishings, July 1985, p. 21.
98 Smithsonian National Zoological Park; http://www.fonz.org/zoogoer/zg1999/28(4)biomimetics.htm 
99 David Attenborough, The Private Life Of Plants, Princeton University Press, 1995, p. 291.
100 Smithsonian National Zoological Park; http://www.fonz.org/zoogoer/zg1999/28(4)biomimetics.htm
101 “Biyonik, Dogayı Kopya Etmektir,” (Bionics Copies Nature) Science et Vie, trans.: Dr.Hanaslı Gur, Bilim ve Teknik (Science and Technology), TUBITAK Publishings, July 1985, p. 21.
102 Erica Klarreich, “Good vibrations,” Nature Science Update, April 3, 2001.